Robot
This article is about mechanical robots. For programs agents, see Bot. For other values of the period, see Robot (disambiguation).
ASIMO (2000) at the Expo 2005, a bipedal humanoid robot.
Articulated welding robots utilised in a manufacturer, a type of industrial robot.
A robot is a mechanical or virtual agency, usually an electro-mechanical machine that is guided by a computer program or electrical devices circuitry. Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda's sophisticated Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to developed robots, collectively programmed 'swarm' robots, and even microscopic nano robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may express a sense of understanding or considered of its own.
The agency of technology that agreements with the conceive, construction, operation, and application of robots,[2] as well as computer systems for their command, sensory feedback, and data processing is robotics. These technologies deal with automated appliances that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing methods, or resemble humans in look, demeanour, and/or cognition. numerous of today's robots are motivated by environment assisting to the field of bio-motivated robotics. These robots have also conceived a newer branch of robotics: supple robotics.
Overview:
The phrase robot can mention to both physical robots and virtual programs agents, but the last mentioned are usually mentioned to as bots.[5] There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general affirmation among professionals, and the public, that robots are inclined to do some or all of the following: move round, operate a mechanical limb, sense and manipulate their natural environment, and display smart behavior — particularly behavior which mimics humans or other animals.
There is no one delineation of robot that persuades every person and many persons have their own. For demonstration Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in developed robotics, once commented: "I can't define a robot, but I understand one when I see one."[7] The two ways that robots disagree from actual beings are, easily stated, in the domain of cognition, and in the domain of biological pattern. The general agreement is that a "robot" is a appliance and not a being simply because it is not smart (it needs programming to function), regardless of how human-like it may emerge. In compare, an invented appliance" or "artificial life form" (as in science fiction) that could think beside or overhead human intelligence, and had a sensory body, would no longer be a "robot" but would be some kind of "artificial being" or "cognitive robot", (see furthermore cyborg).
According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica a robot is "any automatically operated appliance that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in look or present functions in a humanlike manner." Merriam-Webster recounts a robot as a "machine that looks like a human being and presents diverse convoluted actions (as walking or conversing) of a human being", or a "device that automatically presents perplexing often repetitive tasks", or a "mechanism directed by self-acting controls".[8] In functional periods, "robot" generally refers to a machine which can be electronically programmed to carry out a variety of personal tasks or actions.
annals:
The concept of automata originates in the mythologies of many heritage around the world. Engineers and inventors from very old civilizations, encompassing Ancient China,[9] very old Greece, and Ptolemaic Egypt,[10] tried to construct self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early descriptions of automata include the artificial doves of Archytas,[11] the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban,[12] a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Alexandria, a washstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium, and a human automaton described in the Lie Zi.
numerous very old mythologies, and most up to date beliefs encompass artificial people, such as the mechanical domestics built by the Greek god Hephaestus[13] (Vulcan to the Romans), the mud golems of Jewish legend and mud giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. Since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete encompass Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the Cretan isle of Europa from pirates.
Washstand automaton reconstruction, as described by Philo of Byzantium (Greece, 3rd years BC).
In ancient Greece, the Greek technician Ctesibius (c. 270 BC) "applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to make the first body part and water clocks with going figures."[14][15] In the 4th years BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". champion of Alexandria (10–70 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, conceived many user-configurable automated devices, and described appliances driven by air pressure, steam and water.
Al-Jazari's plaything vessel, melodious automata:
The 11th years Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddhas relics were protected by mechanical robots (bhuta vahana yanta), from the kingdom of Roma visaya (Rome); until they were disarmed by monarch Ashoka. [17] [18]
In very old ceramic, the 3rd century text of the Lie Zi recounts an account of humanoid automata, involving a much earlier meet between Chinese emperor monarch Mu of Zhou and a mechanical technician known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. Yan Shi arrogantly presented the monarch with a life-size, human-shaped number of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of cowhide, timber, and artificial organs.[9] There are also anecdotes of flying automata in the Han Fei Zi and other texts, which attributes the 5th century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his up to date Lu ostracise with the creation of artificial timber birds (ma yuan) that could successfully fly.[12] In 1066, the Chinese inventor Su recital constructed a water clock in the pattern of a tower which boasted mechanical figurines which chimed the hours.
Remote-controlled systems:
The Brennan torpedo, one of the soonest 'guided missiles'.
Remotely functioned vehicles were demonstrated in the late 19th years in the pattern of several kinds of remotely controlled torpedos. The early 1870s glimpsed remotely controlled torpedos by John Ericsson (pneumatic), John Louis Lay (electric cable guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric cable guided).[25]
The Brennan torpedo, invented by Louis Brennan in 1877 was driven by two contra-rotating propellors that were rotated by rapidly dragging out wires from drums wound interior the torpedo. Differential speed on the wires connected to the seashore position permitted the torpedo to be guided to its goal, making it "the world's first practical guided missile".[26] In 1897 the British inventor Ernest Wilson was granted a patent for a torpedo remotely controlled by "Hertzian" (radio) waves[27][28] and in 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly illustrated a wireless-controlled torpedo that he hoped to deal to the US Navy
Humanoid robots:
The term 'robot' was first used to denote fictional automata in a 1921 play R.U.R. Rossum's Universal Robots by the Czech author, Karel Čapek.
Karel Čapek — first user of the term 'robot'. He used this phrase in a 1921 play R.U.R. Rossum's Universal Robots. 'Robot' is a solely Czech word.
In 1928, one of the first humanoid robots was displayed at the annual exhibition of the form Engineers humanity in London. Invented by W. H. Richards, the robot Eric's frame consisted of an aluminium body of armour with eleven electromagnets and one motor driven by a twelve-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through isolated command or voice command.[31]
Westinghouse electric powered company built Televox in 1926; it was a packing material cutout attached to various devices which users could turn on and off. In 1939, the humanoid robot renowned as Elektro was debuted at the World's Fair.[32][33] Seven feet big (2.1 m) and weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), it could walk by voice command, speak about 700 phrases (using a 78-rpm record player), fumes cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move its head and arms. The body comprised of a iron alloy equipment, cam and engine skeleton enclosed by an aluminum skin. In 1928, Japan's first robot, Gakutensoku, was conceived and constructed by biologist Makoto Nishimura.
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